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Space advocacy is supporting or human activity in . The advocated purposes range from , space exploration, commercialization of space and , to outright space colonization.

There are many different individuals and dedicated to space advocacy. They are usually active in educating the public on space-related subjects, lobbying governments for increased funding in space-related activities or supporting private space activities.

They also recruit members, fund projects, and provide information for their membership and interested visitors. They are sub-divided into three categories depending on their primary work: practice, advocacy, and theory.


History
The idea that space flight was possible and necessary was introduced by groups of thinkers, primarily members of the Russian, American, British, and German science communities, who formed in the 1920s the first advocacy groups. Starting in the 1930s, these groups began to share their plans for a future in space to their respective governments and the public.

Influential books and other media began to emerge which included works containing illustrations by Chesley Bonestell (based on Wernher von Braun's designs) such as The Conquest of Space (1949) and magazine articles including the "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" series of article in Colliers magazine between 1952 and 1954. Television shows included 's "Man in Space" and "Man and the Moon" in 1955, and "Mars and Beyond" in 1957.


Space movement
In 2004 most of the leading US non-profit space organizations joined together to form the Space Exploration Alliance. The Alliance was formed to "advocate for the exploration and development of outer space" to members of Congress. The Alliance organizes the annual Legislative Blitz to lobby members of Congress for space exploration, and every space enthusiast is encouraged to participate in the Legislative Blitz by calling, emailing, or personally visiting their Congressperson's office.

An analysis of space advocacy in Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity by has identified two different paradigms: the Braun-Tsiolkovsky paradigm (VTP), focusing on migration and militarization of space, and the Clarke- paradigm (CSP), focusing on space exploration.

According to Mark Hopkins from the National Space Society, each space organization has a different priority and short-term objective, but all organizations share the ultimate goal of building space settlements.


Decolonizing space
To reach a more inclusive spaceflight and some organizations like the JustSpace Alliance (see Lucianne Walkowicz) and featured Inclusive Astronomy have been formed in recent years. Holding events like the Decolonizing Mars in 2018. Advocates of this issue see the need for inclusive and democratic participation and implementation of any space exploration, infrastructure or habitation. Questioning the decision making of and reasons for any colonial , labour and land exploitation with critique. Private and state funded advocacy for space colonization, specifically the rationales and politico-legal regimes behind space exploration, like the "" slogan, have been criticized for applying settler colonialism and the ideology, perpetuating imperialism and the narrative of colonial exploration as fundamental to the assumed .

Participation and representation of humanity in space is an issue of human access to and presence in space ever since the beginning of . Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries to partake in spaceflight have been secured through international , declaring space the "province of all mankind", understanding spaceflight as its resource, sharing of outer space for all humanity has been criticized as still and lacking. For example arguments for space as a solution to global problems like pollution and related narratives of survival are considered imperialist by Joon Yun. Having a considerate policy towards space is seen as an imperative to allow a thoroughly sustainable human society also on Earth.


List of organizations

Actively involved
Organizations that are directly involved in space exploration, having their own active projects.

1984, United Statesto search for extraterrestrial intelligent lifeRuns
The Planetary Society1980, United Statesto explore the Solar System, search for near-Earth objects, and search for extraterrestrial lifeLaunched Cosmos 1
was a private venture to establish a permanent, self-supporting base on the by 2002
Space Studies Institute1977, United States(2012:) to organize and implement The Great Enterprise Initiative, a road map outlining the technologies and capabilities necessary for space settlement. Current projects include ", a space-based variable or partial gravity laboratory and E-Lab, a terrestrial 'systems-of-systems' integration lab that will bring together promising closed environment life support technologies into a comprehensive life support solution for space settlement."Runs Space Manufacturing conferences
British Interplanetary Society1933, United Kingdomto inspire people about space so that humanity builds a future beyond the Earth. It is devoted to initiating, promoting and disseminating new concepts and technical information about space flight and astronautics. It has been running technical studies since the 1930s. It is an international membership society and a UK-registered charity.1930s Moon mission, 1970s interstellar probe Daedalus


Lobbying
Organizations that focus mainly on lobbying government agencies and businesses to step up their efforts.

Air & Space Forces Association1946, United StatesPromotes dominant U.S. Air & Space Forces
American Astronautical Society1954, United Statesdedicated to the advancement of space science and exploration
National Space Institute1974–1987, United Statesto help maintain public support for the US space program (later became the National Space Society)
L5 Society1975–1987, United Statesto promote the space colony ideas of Gerard K. O'Neill (later became the National Space Society)
Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy1980, United Stateswas a group of prominent American citizens concerned with US space policy
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space1980, United Statesto promote space exploration and development through educational and engineering projects
Space Force Association2019, United StatesAchieve superior national space power by shaping a Space Force that provides credible deterrence in competition, dominant capability in combat, and professional services for all partners.
Space Frontier Foundation1988, United Statesto promote large-scale settlement of the inner Solar System, under strong free market capitalism
1998, Internationalto encouraging the exploration and settlement of Mars
2000, Internationalto encouraging the exploration, economic development, and settlement of the Moon
California Space Authority2001, United States"to foster the development of specified activities in California related to space flight."
Space Exploration Alliance2004, United StatesAn alliance of major non-profit space organizations.
Coalition for Deep Space ExplorationUnited States"aerospace industry companies that are collaborating to advance the cause of space exploration."
Penny4NASA2012, United Statesto advocate for the increase of the NASA budget to 1% of the federal budget, or one penny of every tax dollar
2014, United StatesPolitical action committee committed to electing pro-space candidates to office.
Alliance for Space Development2015, United StatesAn alliance of major non-profit space organizations.


Educating and publicizing
Organisations involved in educating the public, to boost their understanding and enthusiasm about space.

Canadian Space Society1983, Canadato sponsor, promote and engage in activities designed to promote increased knowledge of space
National Space Society1987, United Statesan organization with the vision of "people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth," from the merger of L5 Society and National Space Institute
International Space University1987, Francea university dedicated to the discovery, research and development of outer space exploration for peaceful purposes
TMRO2008, United Statesa multimedia, internet based broadcaster dedicated to getting"...the planet excited about living among the stars."
1983, United Statesto advance space-related endeavors to inspire, enable and propel humanity.
Tau Zero Foundation2004, United Statesto work together toward practical interstellar flight and to use this quest to teach about science, technology, and our place in the universe
Initiative for Interstellar Studies2012, United KingdomConducts activities and research relating to the challenges of achieving robotic and human interstellar flight.
Space for Humanity2018, United StatesAn education-oriented non-profit organization expanding access to space, training the leaders of tomorrow, and cultivating a movement towards a more harmonious world.
Space Studies Institute1977, United States"open the energy and material resources of space for human benefit within our lifetime"
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS)1980, United StatesWorldwide student space advocacy.
The Space Court FoundationUnited Statesa 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit corporation that promotes and supports space law and policy education and the rule of law.
The Secure World FoundationUnited Statespromotes cooperative solutions for space sustainability and the peaceful uses of outer space, for the benefit of all countries.


Theorizing
Organisations that focus on advocating theoretical work.

Alliance to Rescue Civilization devoted to the establishment of an off-Earth "backup" of human civilization
Living Universe Foundation has a detailed plan in which the entire is colonized.
The Mars Foundation through its Mars Homestead Project, is developing a unified plan for building the first habitat on Mars by exploiting local materials.
Build the Enterprise theorises the possibility of building a spaceship similar in appearance to the USS Enterprise from using current technology within the next two decades.


See also

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